By CCHR International
December 23, 2015
South Africa reports having one of the highest rates in the world of prescribed stimulants for children labeled with so-called Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)—a rate even higher than in the U.S.[1] While The New York Times recently reported the prescription of dangerous antidepressants and antipsychotics to children aged two and younger in the U.S.,[2] South Africa shows antidepressants are also being prescribed to children aged two and younger[3] and powerful antipsychotics like Risperdal are approved to treat disruptive behavior in children older than 5 with mental retardation.[4] Wanting South Africa to avoid the epidemic psychotropic drug abuse of children the U.S. is experiencing, Citizens Commission on Human Rights (CCHR) International has launched a campaign to inform South African parents and teachers about psychotropic drug risks in children.
As part of the campaign, fliers are downloadable to be distributed to parents to become better informed and to refuse to sign consent forms for children to be “screened” for psychological or mental “disorders” through the school system. Parents can also download, print, and sign a form to protect their child from invasive school questionnaires that could lead to a referral to a psychiatrist for psychotropic drugs. South Africa adopted an “Integrated School Health Policy” in 2010, which included a mental health program. It likely opened the door to more children potentially being drugged.
South Africa reports having one of the highest rates in the world of prescribed stimulants for children labeled with so-called ADHD—a rate even higher than in the U.S.
Stimulant sales are a $9.9 billion-a-year industry (R150 billion) in the U.S. and are among the leading drugs of abuse by teenagers. South African students also snort and swallow Ritalin to get high. The drug is referred to as “smarties,” “rit” or “kiddie cocaine.”[5] The U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration says methylphenidate (Ritalin) is “closely related to cocaine.”[6] According to Wired technology and culture magazine, “From Big Pharma to the Black market, ADHD is a profitable diagnosis.”
The stimulants can cause hallucinations, liver problems, seizures, stunted growth, psychotic or manic symptoms, and suicidal thoughts. Unlike for diabetes, heart problems or medical conditions, there’s no scientific test to prove that ADHD exists, as agreed by many doctors. The United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child has warned governments about the diagnosis of ADHD and the need for alternatives to stimulants prescribed to treat it.
Conflicts of Interest
Another parallel between South Africa and the U.S. is the conflicts of interest—the financial ties between psychiatrists and pharmaceutical companies—that help fuel the increases in psychiatric drug prescriptions. The South African Society of Psychiatrists Treatment Guidelines for Psychiatric Disorders was written by ten psychiatrists (one who passed away prior to reporting any conflicts of interest), of which six had financial ties to drug companies that manufacture psychiatric drugs.[7] The Guidelines cite the U.S. “Father of child drugging,” Prof. Joseph Biederman, a Harvard University psychiatrist whose failure to disclose to the university the $1.6 million (R24.1 million) he made in consulting fees from drug makers was uncovered by a U.S. Senate investigation.
According to The New York Times, his research helped cause a 40-fold increase (1994 to 2003) in the diagnosis of childhood “bipolar disorder” and the rapid rise in dangerous antipsychotic drugs to treat it.[8] In 2009, court documents revealed that Biederman appeared to have given Johnson & Johnson assurance in advance that his studies of their antipsychotic risperidone (Risperdal) would be favorable for preschool age children.[9]
Psychiatrist Joseph Biederman’s research helped cause a 40-fold increase in the diagnosis of childhood “bipolar disorder” and the rapid rise in dangerous antipsychotic drugs prescribed for it.
According to the Anti-Drug Alliance of South Africa, many doctors are receiving kickbacks including paid holidays abroad for prescribing certain drugs in the treatment of ADHD.[10] The South African guidelines, especially relating to ADHD, should be rejected.
- The use of Ritalin and other drugs to treat ADHD was reported in January 2014 as soaring among primary school children in Nelson Mandela Bay, Eastern Cape province. A local pharmacist reported an increase of nearly 50% in Ritalin prescriptions over the previous year.[11]
- Antidepressant use in South Africa has increased by 39% over the past four years.[12] Similar to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, in 2005 the South Africa Medicines Control Council issued a “Drug Alert: Warning: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in children and adolescents,” directing that SSRI antidepressant packaging include a warning statement of increased risk of suicidality.[13]
- Despite this, a study published in 2013 shows that in South Africa the average number of antidepressant prescriptions claimed per patient increased with age and infants and adolescents aged 16 to 18 are prescribed the drugs.[14] A co-author of a December 2015 study reported about 60 to 70% of people who take antidepressants “experience side effects and some of the side effects are severe suicidal thoughts.” [15]
CCHR agrees that parents and children may need help. Whether it is the school complaining about their child’s behavior, or the parent observing emotional or educational problems. The problem is parents are being told their child has a “mental disorder” and needs “medication” but are not being given the facts—especially that there is no medical test to confirm that any mental disorder is a “disease.” Nor is it “hereditary.”
South African parents have the right to know about safe alternatives for their child and to ask their doctor about non-drug treatments.
References:
[1] “Could stress be mistaken for ADHD in SA?,” Health24, 11 Nov. 2015, http://www.health24.com/Medical/ADHD/About-ADHD/Could-stress-be-mistaken-for-ADHD-in-SA-20150722; “SA has one of the highest prescription rates for ADHD medication,” Health24, 20 Feb. 2015, http://www.health24.com/Medical/ADHD/Treatment/SA-has-one-of-the-highest-prescription-rates-for-ADHD-medication-20150216.
[2] Alan Schwartz, “Still in a Crib, Yet Being Given Antipsychotics,” The New York Times, 10 Dec. 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/11/us/psychiatric-drugs-are-being-prescribed-to-infants.html?partner=msft_msn&_r=1.
[3] Van Rooyen, Cornelius Jacobus, “Antidepressant usage by South African children and adolescents: a drug utilisation review,” North-West University, 2013, http://dspace.nwu.ac.za/handle/10394/12083
[4] RISPERIDONE FOR DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOUR IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH LEARNING DISABILITY, Dr Heidré Bezuidenhout, WITS Student no. 0516563w, Research Report Submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Cape Town, Sept. 2009, http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/8839/MSc%20
Research%20report%200516563w.pdf?sequence=1.
[5] “Ritalin abuse runs riot in South African schools,” Health24, 26 June 2016, http://www.health24.com/Medical/ADHD/ADHD-and-school/Ritalin-abuse-runs-riot-in-South-African-schools-20150612.
[6] “METHYLPHENIDATE,” Drug Enforcement Administration, Office of Diversion Control, May 2013, http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drug_chem_info/methylphenidate.pdf.
[7] “The South African Society of Psychiatrists (SASOP) Treatment Guidelines for Psychiatric Disorders,” August 2013 Vol. 19 No. 3 – SAJP, http://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/32216/Emsley_South%282013%29.pdf?sequence=1; http://www.sasop.co.za/images/474-2366-1-PB_SASOP_TREATMENT_GUIDELINES.pdf.
[8] Gardiner Harris, Benedict Carey, “Researchers Fail to Reveal Full Drug Pay,” The New York Times, 8 June 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/08/us/08conflict.html.
[9] Gardiner Harris, “Drug Maker Told Studies Would Aid It, Papers Say,” The New York Times, 19 Mar. 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/20/us/20psych.html?_r=0.
[10] “Dodgy doctors kickback row,” African News Network 7, 5 Sept. 2014, http://www.ann7.com/article/17635-0509201405092014-dodgy-doctors-kickback-row.html#.VnSoe0orLcs.
[11] Shaun Gillham and Shaanaaz de Jager, “Huge spike in Bay’s Ritalin kids,” Herald Live, 25 Jan. 2014, a shortened version of an article published in 2012, http://www.heraldlive.co.za/huge-spike-in-bays-ritalin-kids/.
[12] “Depression on the rise among SA’s chronically ill,” Mail & Guardian, 20 Aug. 2015, http://mg.co.za/article/2015-08-20-chronic-illnesses-are-rapidly-pushing-more-sas-into-depression.
[13] “Warning: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in children and adolescents,” South African Medical Journal (SAMJ), Sept. 2005, Vol. 95, No. 9, p. 660, http://www.ajol.info/index.php/samj/article/viewFile/13716/15764.
[14] Van Rooyen, Cornelius Jacobus, “Antidepressant usage by South African children and adolescents: a drug utilisation review,” North-West University, 2013, http://dspace.nwu.ac.za/handle/10394/12083.
[15] “Study proves that antidepressants are not an effective treatment for depression,” Cape Talk, 9 Dec. 2015, http://www.capetalk.co.za/articles/10233/study-proves-that-antidepressants-are-not-an-effective-treatment-for-depression.